Museum of the Rockies - Paleohistology Lab
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Mary H. Schweitzer of North Carolina State University extracting bone samples while Dave Swingle of MOR looks on.
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Mark Goodwin of the University of California Museum of Paleontology at UC Berkeley with a Pachycephalosaurus skull dome that has been restored following research.
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Maria DeBoef of McGill University using a polarized light microscope and scanner to study Tyrannosaurus thin-sections.
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David J. Varricchio of the MSU Earth Sciences Dept. using a microscope to examine specimens in the MOR collections.


COLLEAGUES' PUBLICATIONS Associated with / Acknowledging
THE MUSEUM OF THE ROCKIES' Gabriel Lab For Cellular and Molecular Paleontology

Woodward, H.N., Tremaine, K., Williams, S.A., Zanno, L.E., Horner, J.R., and Myhrvold, N. 2020. Growing up Tyrannosaurus rex: Osteohistology refutes the pygmy “Nanotyrannus” and supports ontogenetic niche partitioning in juvenile Tyrannosaurus: Science Advances, v. 6, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax6250.

​Bailleul, A. M., O’Connor, J., & Schweitzer, M. H. 2019. Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation. PeerJ, 7. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7764

Wilson, J. P., Woodruff, D. C., Gardner, J. D., Flora, H. M., Horner, J. R., & Organ, C. L. 2016. Vertebral Adaptations to Large Body Size in Theropod Dinosaurs. Plos One, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158962

Bailleul, A. M., Scannella, J. B., Horner, J. R., & Evans, D. C. 2016. Fusion Patterns in the Skulls of Modern Archosaurs Reveal That Sutures Are Ambiguous Maturity Indicators for the Dinosauria. Plos One, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147687

Bailleul, A. M., & Horner, J. R. 2016. Comparative histology of some craniofacial sutures and skull-base synchondroses in non-avian dinosaurs and their extant phylogenetic bracket. Journal of Anatomy, 229(2), 252–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12471

Huttenlocker, A., H. N. Woodward, B. K. Hall. 2013. Chapter 2 - Biology of Bone. In Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods : Advancing Methods, Analysis and Interpretation, (eds Padian K, Lamm ET), pp. 13–34.  University of California Press, Berkeley.

Woodward, H. N., K. Padian, A. Lee. 2013. Chapter 7 - Skeletochronology. In Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods : Advancing Methods, Analysis and Interpretation, (eds Padian K, Lamm ET), pp. 195–215. 
University of California Press, Berkeley.

Lee, A. H., K. Huttenlocker, K. Padian, H. N. Woodward. 2013. Chapter 8: Analysis of Growth Rates. In Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods : Advancing Methods, Analysis and Interpretation, (eds Padian K, Lamm ET), pp. 217–251. 
University of California Press, Berkeley.

Woodward, H. N., Horner, J. R., and Farlow, J. O. 2011. Osteohistological evidence for determinate growth in the American Alligator. Journal of Herpetology 45(3):339–342.  doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-274.1

Woodward, H. N., T. H. Rich, A. Chinsamy, P. Vickers-Rich. 2011. Growth dynamics of Australia's polar dinosaurs. Public Library of Science ONE 6:e23339.  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023339

San Antonio, J.D., Schweitzer, M.H., Jensen, S.T., Kalluri, R., Buckley, M., et al. 2011. Dinosaur peptides suggest mechanisms of protein survival.  Public Library of Science ONE 6:e20381. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020381

Scannella, J.B. and Horner, J.R.  2010.  Torosaurus Marsh,1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Cerotopsidae:Chasmosaurinae): Synonymy through ontogeny.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(4):1157-1168. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2010.483632

Sereno, P.C., Tan, L., Brusatte, S.L., Kriegstein, H.J., Zhao, X., Cloward, K. 2009. Tyrannosaurus skeletal design first evolved at small body size.  Science 326: 418-422. doi: 10.1126/science.1177428

Hieronymus, T.L., Witmer, L.M., Tanke D.H., Currie, P.J. 2009. The facial integument of Centrosaurine Ceratopsids: Morphological and histological correlates of novel skin structures. The Anatomical Record 292:1370-1396.  doi: 10.1002/ar.20985

Lee, A.H. and Werning, S.  2008. Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105(2):582-587.  doi:10.1073/pnas.0708903105

Schweitzer, M.H., Avci, R., Collier, T., Goodwin, M.B. 2008. Microscopic, chemical and molecular methods for examining fossil preservation.  (Méthodes d’études microscopiques, chimiques et moléculaires pour l’examen de la conservation des fossils). Comptes Rendus Palevol. 7(2-3):159-184. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2008.02.005

Varricchio, D. J., Moore, J.R., Erickson, G.M., Norell, M.A., Jackson, F.D., Borkowski, J.J. 2008. Avian paternal care had dinosaur origin. Science 322:1826-1828. doi: 10.1126/science.1163245

Varricchio, D.J., Sereno, P.C., Xijin, Z., Lin, T., Wilson J.A., Lyon, G.H. 2008. Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 53(4):567-578. http://issuu.com/felipeelias/docs/varricchio-et-al--2008

Weishampel, D.B., Fastovsky, D.E., Watabe, D., Varricchio, D., Jackson, F., Tsogtbaatar, K., Barsbold, R. 2008. New Oviraptorid embryos from Bugin-Tsav, Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Mongolia, with insights into their habitat and growth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(4):1110-1119. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1110

Sereno, P.C., Wilson, J.A., Witmer, L.M., Whitlock, J.A., Maga, A., Ide, O., Rowe, T.A. 2007. Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur (Nigersaurus taqueti). Public Library of Science ONE 11:e1230. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001230

Tumarkin-Deratzian, A.R., Vann, D.R., Dodson, P. 2007. Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150(1):1-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00283

Bybee, P., Lee, A., Lamm, E.T. 2006. Sizing up the Jurassic Theropod Allosaurus: Assessing growth strategy and evolution of ontogenetic scaling of limbs. Journal of Morphology 267:347-359. PMID: 16380967 

Hieronymus, T.L. 2006. Quantitative microanatomy of jaw muscle attachment in extant diapsids. Journal of Morphology, 267(8):954:967. doi:
10.1002/jmor.10450

Adams, J.S., Organ, C.L. 2005. Histological determination of ontogenetic patterns and processes in Hadrosaurian ossified tendons. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3):614-622. doi:  4524481

Erickson, G.M. 2005. Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: a microscopic revolution. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 20(12):677-684. Epub. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.012

Main, R.S., de Ricqlès, A., Horner, J.R., Padian, K. 2005. The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology 31(2):291–314.

Organ, C.L. and Adams, J.S. 2005. The histology of ossified tendon in dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3):602-613. doi:
4524480

Schweitzer, M.H., Wittmeyer, J.L., Horner, J.R.  2005.  Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex.  Science 308:1456-1460.

Schweitzer, M.H., Wittmeyer, J.L., Horner, J.R., Toporski, J.K.  2005.  Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex.  Science 307:1952-1955.

Goodwin, M.B., Horner, J.R.  2004.  Cranial histology of Pachycephalosaurus (Ornithischia:Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior. Paleobiology 30(2):253-267.

Gottfried, M.D., O’Connor, P.M., Jackson, F.D., Roberts, E.M. 2004. Dinosaur eggshell from the Red Sandstone Group of Tanzania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(2):494-497.

Jackson, F.J., Garrido, A., Schmitt, J.G., Chiappe, L.M., Dingus, L., Loope, D.B. 2004. Abnormal, multilayered Titanosaur (Dinosauria:Sauropoda) eggs from in situ clutches at the Auca Mahuevo Locality, Neuquén Province, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(4):913-922.

Jackson, F.D., Varricchio, D.J. 2003. Abnormal, multilayered eggshell in birds: implications for dinosaur reproductive anatomy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3):699–702.

Hanna, R.R. 2002. Multiple injury and infection in a sub-adult Theropod dinosaur Allosaurus fragilis with comparisons to Allosaurus pathology in the Cleveland-Llyod Dinosaur Quarry Collection. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(1):76-90.

Jackson, F.D., Schweitzer, M.H., and Schmitt, J.G. 2002. Dinosaur eggshell study using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning 24:217–223.

Schweitzer, M.H., Jackson, F.D., Chiappe, L.M., Schmitt, J.G., Calvo, J.O., Rubilar, D.E. 2002. Late Cretaceous avian eggs with embryos from Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(1):191-195.

Varricchio, D.J., Horner, J.R., Jackson, F.D.  2002.  Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troödon formosus.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3):564–576.

Varricchio, D.J., Horner, J.R., Jackson, F.D.  2002.  A phylogenetic assessment of prismatic dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(4):931–937.

Padian, K.P., Ricqlès, A. de, Horner, J.R.  2001.  Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins.  Nature 412:405-408.

Curry, K.A. 1999. Ontogenetic Histology of Apatosaurus (Dinosauria:Sauropoda): New insights on growth rates and longevity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(4):654-665.

Erickson, G.E. 1996. Incremental Lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs and the assessment of tooth replacement rates using growth line counts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:14623-14627.

Varricchio, D.J. 1993. Bone microstructure of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troödon formosus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(1):99-104.


Published Abstracts:
Horner, V. and Horner, J. R. 2012. Sturgeon dorsal osteoderm ontogeny: A transformational model for marginocephalian squamosal ornaments. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(5, abstracts vol):113.

Woodward, H.N., Horner J. R., and Farlow, J.O. 2012. Paleobiological implications of the growth history and histovariability in a population of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(5, abstracts vol):196.

Woodruff, C., Horner, J. R. 2012. A re-evaluation of the vertebral Soft Tissue reconstruction within Dinosauria based on alternate extant analogues. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(5, abstracts vol):195.

Baillieu, A. and Horner, J. R. 2011. Early ossification and calcified tissues in the skull of Hypacrosaurus  stebingeri (Ornithischia, Lambeosaurinae): a preliminary study. pp. 11 in Hadrosaur Symposium Abstracts, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada.

Bailleul, A. and Horner, J. R. 2011. Early ossification and calcified tissues in the skull of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Ornithischia, Lambeosaurinae): a preliminary study. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(5, abstracts vol):65.

Bailleul, A. M. and Horner, J. R. 2011. Perinatal histomorphogenesis of craniofacial elements of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Ornithischia, Lambeosauridae): a preliminary study.  Vol.1:pp. 57 in International Symposium on Paleohistology, Abstracts  (M. Kohler, X. Jordana and N. M. Moratalla Eds), Institut Català de Paleontologia, Barcelona, Spain.

Goodwin, M., Stanton, K., Horner, J. R., and Carlson, S. 2011. Oxygen isotopic variability and preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex, modern ratites and crocodilians: revisiting the thermophysiology of T.rex using δ180. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(5, abstracts vol):117.

Lawver, D., Jackson, F., and Horner, J. R.  2011. Turtle eggs and embryos in a clutch from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(5, abstracts vol):141..

Woodward, H. N. 2011. An intra-skeletal bone microanalysis of Alligator mississippiensis and its application to non-avian dinosaur osteohistology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(5, abstracts vol):216.

Woodward, H. N., and Horner, J. R. 2011. A robust single element microanalysis of a hadrosaurid dinosaur (Ornithopoda: Maiasaura peeblesorum) population reveals ontogenetic trends in growth and development.  Vol.1:pp. 56 in International Symposium on Paleohistology, Abstracts (M.Kohler, X. Jordana and N. M. Moratalla Eds), Institut Català de Paleontologia, Barcelona, Spain.

Woodward, H. and Horner, J. R. 2010. Osteohistological analysis of Alligator mississippiensis indicates absence of fibrolamellar bone in crocodilians and confirms determinate growth with the first report of external fundamental system: implications for tetrapod histology.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(4, Supplement):190A.

Jackson, F. D., Horner, J. R., and Varricchio, D. 2009. A study of a Troodon egg containing embryonic remains using epiflourescence microscopy and other techniques. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(3):121A.

Jackson, F. D., Horner, J. R., and Varricchio, D. 2009. A study of a Troodon egg containing embryonic remains using epiflourescence microscopy and other techniques. Fourth International Symposium on Dinosaur Eggs and Babies. Museum of the Rockies Occasional Paper #4:20, Bozeman, Montana.

Lee, A.H., Cooper, L.N., Taper, M.L., Horner, J.R.  2008.  Rapid growth of the hadrosaur Hypacrosaurus reflects direct and indirect effects of predation.  Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(3):104A.

Dacke, C.G., Elsey, R.M., Tosclair III, P.L., Schweitzer, M.H., Lamm, E.T. 2007. Calcium metabolic strategies in egg-laying crocodilian (Alligator mississippiensis) archosaurs. BONE 40(6)(Supp.2):S103.

Barreto C, Heintz J, Horner J, Albrecht R. 2007. Original biomaterials preserved in dinosaur bone. Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):52.

de Boef M, Larsson HCE. 2007. Objective techniques for measuring differences in bone vascular orientation and osteocyte density. Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):500.

Chin K. 2007. Thin section analysis of lithified coprolites (fossil feces). Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):504.

Drumheller SK. 2007. Experimental taphonomy and microanalysis of crocodylian feeding traces. Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):510.

Lamm, E.T. 2007. Paleohistology widens the field of view in paleontology. Proceedings – Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):50.

Lee A.H. 2007. Bone microstructure reflects evolution of large size in horned dinosaurs. Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):502.

Schweitzer MH. 2007. New avenues of investigation for old bones. Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):506.

Woodward HN, Lehman TM. 2007. Bone histology of the sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis from the Javelina Formation, Texas.  Proceedings - Microscopy and Microanalysis 13(2):508.


Lee, A., Bybee, P., Lamm, E.T. 2005. Ontogenetic histology of Allosaurus (Dinosauria:Theropoda): Assessing growth trajectory and evolution of ontogenetic limb allometry. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3):82A.


Ancell, C.V., Lamm, E.T. 2001. Deconstruction and reconstruction of a Pachycephalosaurus skull for histological examination and exhibit. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(3):28A.

Lamm, E.T. 2001. Put it back the way you found it: Restoration of histological fossil specimens. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(3):71A.

Lamm, E.T. 1999. Histological techniques for small paleontological specimens. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(3):58A.

Lamm, E.T. 1998. New methods for the preparation and systematic organization of histological sections. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(3):58A.

Gentry, A., Lamm, E.T. 1993. Thin-section preparation of fossil material for histological study. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13(3):37A.



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